This can result in a destructive immune response and can eventually lead to ARDS and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Recent immunological studies have provided further evidence that massive production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is the crux of the “cytokine storm”. This illness has been declared a pandemic and at the time of writing this article, the global caseload had crossed 150 million, with more than 3 million deaths. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 have a favourable outcome, some develop severe pneumonia eventually leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure. COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new illness first described in January 2020 characterised by fever, dry cough, interstitial pneumonia, fatigue, headache, loss of taste and smell.
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